Abstract:
Finding out how much your pupils know - how many points they can recall, the number of words mis-spelled, the number of problems solved correctly - this is comparatively easy and there is an elaborate technology of tests and statistical analysis to help. This is by far the most common form of evaluation, even in areas such as essay grading. An extremely common form of essay marking, for instance, is to award some sort of mark for each relevant point made. That is the 'how much' part of the calculation. Then an adjustment for overall 'quality' is made at the end, and (with some private calculus) both are converted into a final mark.
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