The dichotomy between content knowledge and 21st-century skills (“zest for life” in the Japanese context) has been an issue since the early 2000s in Japan. Recently it has been evident in the demand for a high school–university connection. In spite of such a division, involving apparently incompatible or opposite principles, Japan can integrate such a duality. This can be achieved both top down (tatemae), through official policy documents, and through daily cultural practices (… Read more